Financial Crisis in South Korea - 2152 Words

International strategic management | South Korea, financial crisis | Melissa MactavieJodie MackayTeboho LentoSifiso MashishiKarushka naidoo | South Korea’s current account balance started to deteriorate in 1990, due to the rising inflation, appreciation of the Korean won and the recession of the world economy. In 1991 the current account recorded a deficit of $8.7 billion, which was more than four times the level of the preceding year. The Korean government encouraged capital inflows in order to finance the growing current account deficit. To achieve this objective, capital account liberalisation was accelerated in 1991by altering the Foreign Exchange Management Act. The limited capital account liberalisation implemented resulted†¦show more content†¦The asset value declined further. Many businesses failed to guarantee returns and profitability. Due to the high rates of economic growth and the booming economy, private firms and corporations looked to finance speculative investment projects. However, firms overstretched themselves and a combination of factors caused depreciation in the exchange rate as they struggled to meet the payments. The South Korean corporate governance structure was known for its technical and ethical inefficiency well before the crisis. The existence of a small number of large business conglomerates, chaebols, is widely considered to be one of the biggest problems in South Korean society. This governance system was fertile ground for inefficiency and corruption. A study shows that only 27percent of the 570 non-financial firms created shareholder value during the five years before the crises. The South Korean conglomerates were more or less completely controlled by the government and simply absorbed growing capital investment. Eventually, excess debt led to key failures and takeovers. In the midst of the Asian market downturn, South Korea’s credit rating was lowered on 28 November 1997 and downgraded again on 11 December. That contributed to an additional decline in South Korean shares since stock markets were already bearish in November. The inability of the Korean government to respond early to potentialShow MoreRelatedSouth Korea s Economic Crisis1534 Words   |  7 PagesBetween 1990 and 1996, South Korea experienced strong economic growth ever since South Korea was separated from North Korea. As the data of South Korea economy from World Bank web provides, Average growth rate was around 8 percent and inflation rate averaged 5 percent. Moreover, unemployment rate was stable below 3 percent (citation use footnote or endnote). Until 1997, Korea was one of miracle East Asian countries that grew up incredibly faster than that of other Asian countries. Others believedRead MoreGlobal Economy : Global Economic Crisis1249 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal Economic Crisis Introduction Trade among countries has been an important accelerator of economic growth. It has created employment opportunities for many people in the world. However, due to this trade-like financial openness the economy is exposed to external shocks. In 2008, the U.S.-originated financial turmoil threatened the global capitalist system. All countries in the world were affected. The repercussions of the turmoil widespread around the globe resulted in various issues in theRead MoreMonetary Policy Decision Of Korea Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagesresearch group of the Bank of Korea decided today to increase money supply by setting a lower base rate, printing more money, and through open market purchases. If necessary, the we decided to use contractionary monetary policy to decrease the inflation. The students of the research group of the Bank of Korea decided today to increase money supply to improve the current account and in result improve the declining investments. However, if necessary, the Bank of Korea will conduct the opposite: contractionaryRead MoreHistory Of Bank Of Kore Central Bank Project Essay1525 Words   |  7 Pages The Bank of Korea Central Bank Project Jae Hyun Kim Fuzhe Zhang Alexander Oval Ruoxi Yang Shigetaka Naiki History of the Bank of Korea The Bank of Korea (BOK) was established in June 1950, with the promotion of the Bank of Korea Act. The BOK replaced the existing Chosun Bank as the central bank of Korea. During this time, the bank was heavily influenced by Korea’s authoritarian government in order to implement a government-directed industrial policy. ResponsibilitiesRead MoreEssay on Macroeconomics Stability1407 Words   |  6 Pagesincreases†¦Economic growth is a sustained, year-after-year increase in potential GDP (Parkin, 2014:544) South Korea is one of the leading countries in technology and entertainment with a population of 50.95 million. The government has been constantly making efforts to reinforce the groundwork for long- term growth and improve the real economy. ((KOCIS), 2013) Economic performance of South Korea over past 6 years (2006-2011) GDP growth rate The GDP growth rate of this country expanded 1.1 percentRead MoreThe 2010s - A lost, instead of blossoming decade for China? Essay1061 Words   |  5 PagesThe financial crisis in 2008, having resulted from a tremendous bubble in the real estate market as well as highly leveraged banks and governments, has now become a debt crisis and is still an important in political discussions worldwide. Numerous employees have lost their jobs, many companies went bankrupt; nevertheless, there seemed to be one country that stroke off all difficulties and continued growing at an outstanding rate. In 2009 China’s GDP grew by 9% (www.cia.gov), while all other economiesRead MoreEconomic Security of South Korea1542 Words   |  7 PagesECONOMIC SECURITY OF SOUTH KOREA Introduction The economy of South Korea is ranked at fifteenth place in the world. In terms of its relation with the United States, South Korea is the seventh largest trading partner. South Korea is well known for its high level of growth in economic field. Before 1960, South Korea was just another poor third world country and hardly known regionally as well as internationally. Its economic booming has elevated South Korea in the eyes of international cooperationRead MoreThe Legacy Of South Korea1133 Words   |  5 Pagesgrew through the years, into what has become known as the society of today. South Korea is no stranger to this and they continue to preserve its historic landmarks with pride. Although most of South Korea s history is clouded by conflict, the struggles the people have endured have only united them as one, and has helped shape the country into a great nation which the citizens are proud of. The citizens of South Korea have seen their country beaten, conquered, divided, and st ill refused to letRead MoreEssay east asian crisis1420 Words   |  6 Pages East Asian financial crisis are an evidence of fact that economies are prone to fianacial pressures in spite of a stable sustainable growth rate. The East Asian economic crisis is the most important economic event in the region of the past few decades. That much is agreed. Beyond this, there is yet no unanimity about its root causes nor about the solutions. The differences of views are being debated in academic and policy circles and reflected in the media. One thing though is certain: the earlierRead MoreThe Republic Of South Korea1410 Words   |  6 PagesCharacteristics The republic of South Korea is located in East Asia, according to the World Bank it is a high-income developed country with a developed market, with a GDP of $1.449 trillion(US) and GDP per capita (ppp) of 25,977(US), averaging an annual growth rate of 2.9%. Over the past four decades the country has shown incredible growth and global integration to become a high-tech industrialized economy. South Korea is the world’s 4th largest car producers being home to Hyundai Motors, the largest

Essay on Biography of President Barack Obama - 655 Words

Obama’s Presidency Barack Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii on August 4th, 1961. He went to Harvard Law School. After his graduation, continued his legal work as a civil rights lawyer and a professor teaching constitutional law at the University of Chicago. He was elected to the Illinois State Senate in 1996. He served there for three terms (1996-2004). Later on, he started his campaign in 2007 for the presidential election in 2008. He won the presidential election against John McCain, his Republican opponent and started serving in the office in January 20, 2009. He became the 44th President of The United States of America. He is more well-known for being the first African-American who ever served in The White House. During his terms, he†¦show more content†¦They are still debating over the solution for this. â€Å"In term of foreign policy, he is indecisive† –Bui, 36. According to what he said, Mr. Obama often gives late decisions. He is not good at dealing with other countries. Ukraine and Eastern Sea are one of the obvious proofs. China and Russia have been very daring lately; America is losing respect in both term of economy and military. Israel is another country to concern. Imagine if there is no Israel, all those Middle Eastern countries are sharing the same belief. They will eventually team up, create their own Alliance and only God knows what they can do with that. The world doesn’t need another version of Germany in World War 2. According to Jenifer Rubin from The Washington Post, in an article she said â€Å"President Obama gave an interview in which he viciously attacked Israel, suggesting that Israel was the cause of the peace process failure, that the United States could no longer protect Israel if the peace process failed†. Mr. Obama should consi der that keeping Israel strong is a good thing to do right now. A strong Israel means that Middle East is unstable. Israel’s neighbor countries will keep being suspicious in every moves Israel made. They will be busy dealing with each other. In another word, it will prevent them to unify. However, American should consider the good that he has done for this country. He ended the war with Iraq as the last troop left in 2011. HeShow MoreRelatedHow the Life of Barack Obama Inspires798 Words   |  3 Pagesaway†(â€Å"Barack Obama Biography†.1). This quote gives a small insight and overview on how Barack Obama’s biographies, speeches, and other quotes such as the one above were inspired by his average childhood with having an absent father, his parents separated at a young age and living with his maternal grandparents. His early careers beginning as an organizer, starting politics and later becoming a senator. Lastly with his adventurous travels with his transits to Kenya, Indonesia, and Chicago. Barack Obama’sRead MoreThe Life of a Leader, Barack Obama Essay919 Words   |  4 Pagesthat is educated and embodies the ability to assess the other groups skills and talents in order to utilize them to accomplish a goal. Barack Obama was the first bl ack senator for the state of Illinois. Barak was also the first black United States President. Barak made a healthcare program that has been modified to include more people it is called Obamacare. Obama is a good leader because he is persuasive and a diligent worker. As a leader he does many things which include visiting foreign countriesRead MoreBarack Obama Examined Through an Adlerian Framework Superiority Striving931 Words   |  4 PagesAdlerian point of view is Adler called a style of life. I will compare President Barack Obama’s superiority striving to Adlerian Theory Obama did not have a relationship with his father as a child. As an infant, Barack father Obama Sr. relocated to Massachusetts to attend Harvard University, to receive a Ph.D. Baracks parents separated several months later and divorced in March 1964. In 1965 at the age of 2, President Barack Obama Jr., father returned to Kenya. In 1965, Obama’s mother Ann DunhamRead MoreSkin Color and Barrack Obama Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pagesdifference a color change makes. Obama is like the paint to the white house. This can be compared to the recent election of Barrack Obama entering the white house. The integral structure of the white house has not changed but a fresh coat has been applied so to speak, with him coming into office. He seeks to improve the government with policy changes and new laws, not completely start over. Even his life and the way he came to the top is a prime example of color. Obama comes from humble roots andRead MoreBarack Obama s President Of The American Dream Essay943 Words   |  4 PagesBio Obama didn’t have an easy road to the oval office. His story, amongst other presidents, is one that embodies the true will of the American dream. A lot of people don’t know that Obama’s father abandoned him when he was young to pursue a degree at Harvard. Nor do they know that Obama lived in Indonesia as a child, or that he went back to his roots in Kenya to meet his family members. Obama played a critical role of shifting the direction of the United States. This paper analyzes the historyRead MoreA Peace Prize Award For Carrying Out1301 Words   |  6 PagesQuite a few popular, yet controversial candidates, like Barack Hussein Obama, have been presented a Nobel Peace Prize award for carrying out â€Å"peace† in especially contrasting and different ways. These so-called peace prizes show that peace can be associated and parallel to war engagement, destruction, unorthodox doings; In other words, a wrong can make a right! What makes Obama rise above the rest is his â€Å"Yes We Can!† attitude, his attempts to make peace in different countries along with his ownRead MoreObama s First African American President Of The United States1518 Words   |  7 Pages Barack Hussein Obama Jr, the first African American President of the United States, was born on August the 4th 1961 in Honolulu, Hawaii. Obama’s birth is considered as an important turning point for African American’s in history, he was the first African American to serve as a United States president. Barack Obama is currently the 44th president of the United States. He was raised in a middle class family with education being the core of their lives and had very noble values. Obama was a graduateRead MoreTransformational Leadership As An Exceptional Form Of Influence Essay1567 Words   |  7 Pages185). Current president, Barack Obama has become the demonstration of hope and change throughout the Western World. Although his time in the United States Senate has been brief, he has made an astounding change in the cultural attitudes and behaviors of developed western nations towards people of color and legislated one of the most progressive reforms in history, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obama, 2008). President Obama has defined his rise to and term as President with a leadershipRead MoreBiography on Brarck Hussesin Obama Jr. Essay1013 Words   |  5 PagesPresident Barack Hussein Obama Jr is currently the President of the United States of an America and was born August 4th 1961 to His mother (Ann Dunham) and his father (Barack Obama Sr). President Obama was raised up by his grandparents when he turned 10 years old in Honolulu Hawaii. Obama mother and father got married on February 2, 1961 and had Obama 6 months later. President Obama didn’t have a father figure in his life because mother had moved to a different location and Obama Sr stayed inRead MoreIs The United States Be Ran By A Black Man?1157 Words   |  5 PagesSince 2008, Obama has Protected American jobs, Improved Health Care, Education and has been supporting troops.Although president Obama has been a strong president, he hasn t achieved to end wars and attacks around the world. President Barack Hussein Obama II was born in Honolulu Hawaii, August 4, 1961. Obama lived with his mother and father for a short period of time until his father left when he was around the age of two.Obama didn t really have a relationship with his father . When Obama was little

Self Fulfilling Prophesy A Lesson to be Learned Free Essays

Self-fulfilling Prophesy: A Lesson to be Learned Have you ever had an assumption or belief about someone come true? That is what defines a Self-fulfilling Prophesy. That is, when a person’s expectations, thoughts, or beliefs manifest in such a way that in return they become true. These preconceived notions about other people influence how you act toward them and in return this will evoke a response from that person. We will write a custom essay sample on Self Fulfilling Prophesy: A Lesson to be Learned or any similar topic only for you Order Now This response then provides proof of the original expectations. Picking a college roommate can be a tricky thing to do. It eems that I have heard more horror stories about roommates than good stories. This may be attributed to the fact that people are more prone to talk about their problems and negative situations rather than their positive ones. However, my freshman roommate provided me with one heck of an experience. I met Dylan in high school. He attended an opposing school only thirty minutes away from mine. We recognized each other from the basketball court and numerous track events. We soon became friends when we were introduced at a high school party through a utual friend. As we became closer friends we both decided to attend Mississippi State University. I had lined up a roommate for freshman year with someone I grew up with, however due to a scholarship, he decided to attend a different school and left me without a roommate. When discussing this with Dylan, I was not aware that he did not have a roommate and we quickly decided to room together. Dylan and I had not known each other very long and even though he seemed to be a good friend and fit as a roommate, I still was weary of living with him. I had no specific reason to believe that we wouldn’t get along but I still could not shake the feeling that things would not go swimmingly. After moving into our dorm, it did not take long for our friendship to take a drastic turn. During fall recruitment into the Greek system, Dylan and I Joined two separate fraternities. It wasn’t long after Bid Day that Dylan dropped out of his fraternity. From then on it seemed as if he resented me for Joining a fraternity even though we had gone through recruitment together. He started anging out with an unruly crowd of people and it was not long after that he started neglecting his priorities. I eventually found out that the crowd he was hanging out with was known to dabble in various drugs and everything I did to help Just put us at greater odds. He began to get really sloppy by leaving his clothes and trash everywhere in our small living quarters. He seemed to have no regard for my belongings, or me for that matter. He was sleeping all day, staying out all night, and eating all my food when I was out of the room. When Christmas break came around he had a combined 67 absences in his classes and was carrying a 1. 2 GPA. I was looking for a polite way to tell him we needed to find new roommates when he called me a few days prior to Christmas. He told me that he was going to withdraw from the university and take a break from school. The experience I had first semester of my freshman year is a prime example of a self-fulfilling prophecy. I had a preconceived notion that Dylan and I would not get along as roommates and that notion came to How to cite Self Fulfilling Prophesy: A Lesson to be Learned, Papers

Theoretical Trends and Changing Perspectives †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Theoretical Trends and Changing Perspectives. Answer: Introduction: The concerns of dynamism in the modern business environment have led to various initiatives adopted by organizations to reform their conventional practices. It is essential to notice that the organizations which require change are largely dependent on an analysis of the forces which drive the change. The generic factors responsible for initiating change in an organization include technological advancement, nature of workforce, competition, world politics, social trends and economic shocks. However, it is imperative to consider the macro environmental factors which could influence the approaches of change followed in an organization (Antonakis, 2017). The concerned case of the retail sector organization has to be reviewed with respect to the PESTLE analysis of Mauritius retail sector that can provide feasible insights into the requirement of change in the organization. The primary objective of the duty free retail shop at the airport in the present context is to improvise the turnover of the organization alongside enhancing customer service (Bolman Deal, 2017). Therefore the operations and sales department of the organization need to implement changes for catering the organizational dynamics alongside accomplishing the specific objectives of the organization. In order to accomplish the objectives of change management effectively, the organization needs to identify the specific dimensions of the enterprise which require changes. The major responsibility of leadership in such scenarios is directed towards analysis of the external environment in order to anticipate the pitfalls as well as advantages that can be acquired by an enterprise in given business environment. The PESTLE analysis for Mauritius would be eligible as a viable impression of the macro elements that can influence the business and relevant decisions of the duty free retail shop (BoezemanEllemers, 2014). The existing political environment in Mauritius has provided substantial opportunities for the country to overcome major issues alongside the notable influence on other aspects such as technology, economic factors, environmental and social factors. Mauritius has been able to depict political resilience in dealing with the challenges presented to the country since 2002. The impact of globalization was profoundly noted in the depreciation of trade preferences in the case of textiles and sugar which accounted for major influences on economy. The prominent outcomes were also identified in the decline of economic growth and increment in the levels of unemployment, public debt and budget deficit (?erne, Jakli?kerlavaj, 2013). Therefore the government of Mauritius implemented substantial reforms in order to address the problems identified in the country. The primary initiative was observed in drastic economic reforms that would enable the country to deal with formidable challenges of competition in the global market. The economic reform was characterized with emphasis on reduction of fiscal weakness alongside improving the business outcomes for the organization, enhancing conditions for investment in the country and the prospects for acquiring higher FDI investment (Ciulla, 2014). The initiatives of the government to promote the ICT sector alongside providing facilities for free trade zones at airports could be accounted as feasible opportunities for the airport duty free shopfor introducing changes in management. The economic condition of Mauritius is opportunistic with the provision of gradual improvement in the growth rate of the GDP every year. The per capita income in Mauritius is considered to be superior to other countries such as India while depicting lesser average inflation rates. The economy of Mauritius could be characterized with middle-income diversification especially with improvements in the industrial sector, tourist sector and financial sector. Presently, Mauritius could be assumed as a formidable example of transition from agricultural economy to an industrial one (Daft, 2014). Social factors of Mauritius could be ascertained from an interpretation of the culture of the country which can be classified as a mixture of different cultures such as that of Europe, India, France, China, Africa and Europe. The social security system evident in the case of Mauritius is supported by certain essential features. For example, the social assistance schemes, occupational pension schemes and government subsidies provided on housing and food could be assumed as major social characteristics of the business environment in Mauritius (Dinh et al., 2014). Technological developments have become the centre of attraction in modern business contexts with the improvement of opportunities for organizations to ensure better interactions with customers. The profound development in ICT sector could enable organizations to cope with the changes in customer interactions. The use of ICT for development of interactive CRM systems could be validated as a favourable opportunity that can be accessed by the airport duty free shop for improving customer service. Environmental factors involved in context of Mauritius could be anticipated from the governments preferences for determining protection and improvement of the environment. The measures taken by the government for ensuring energy efficiency could be observed in the form of motivation programs for industry, public and private to use energy efficient electrical devices (FairhurstConnaughton, 2014). The presence of regulatory institutions such as the Energy efficiency management office could also be accounted as a notable highlight of the environmental aspect of macro environment of an organization. Another potential highlight that must be considered in the environmental aspects is the promotion of energy efficient parameters for construction of buildings (Goleman, Boyatzis McKee, 2013). Legal aspects of the country are characterized with the references to provision of tax benefits and exclusion of custom duties.Furthermore, the government initiatives for addressing the influx of higher volume of tourists through focus on tourism industry could also be considered responsible for formulation of legal dimensions. Policies and codes of practice observed in the case of monitoring the tourism industry could also be influential on the prospects for airport duty free shop to acquire competitive advantage. Example of Change Required In The Workplace The example of change that could be implemented in the workplace could refer to the establishment of comprehensive ICT frameworks within the organization as perceived from the PESTLE analysis. The requirement for ICT framework is intended to simplify the communication process within an organization and the necessity of communication has been perceived as crucial in context of modern business environments. As observed from the technological developments in the macro environment of Mauritius, the prevalence of technological developments in information and communication technology has led to the profound indications towards the use of ICT for instating a customer relationship management system (Komives Wagner, 2016). Since the majority of customers of the shop comprise of tourists, it is essential to sustain a long term relationship with customers in order to acquire consistent sources of revenue. The customer relationship management system would be helpful for the organization to maintain customer information and ensure appropriate segmentation, targeting and positioning mechanisms. One of the prominent benefits that could be availed from the CRM would be observed in identification of travel purposes and frequency in order to target customers that visit the airport frequently. Furthermore, the ICT framework could also help managers to cater communication needs of large employee base alongside facilitating an unconventional approach to business management (LussierAchua, 2015). Communication for Effective Change Communicating change within the workplace could be a major challenge for managers that can be addressed through considering the significance of people as the central focus for change management (Northouse, 2015). The strategies for communication that could be implemented in context of change management in the workplace have to be largely directed towards the employees in the operations sales department who would be largely affected by the introduction of the new CRM framework. It would be imperative to consider the underlying implications of empowerment and transformation which could help in recognition of the varying needs of different individuals alongside creating opportunities and environments that could assist employees in acquaintance with the changes. The use of an effective communication plan could be assumed as a credible resource to address the needs of communication and involvement of people in the change management process (Tourish, 2014). The communication plan should be associated with objectives such as involvement of a wide range of stakeholders including the senior management and the staff for developing suitable environments for implementation of change. It is also imperative to use communication mechanisms that could be characterized with inclusive, empowering, transparent and open characteristics (Tschannen-Moran, 2014). The communication for effective change is considerably dependent on certain human factors which include proactive sponsorship, the team, communication and the involvement of middle managers (Tourish, 2014). The change management projects have to be communicated effectively to the team involved in implementation of change as concerned in this report. The requirement of activity and comprehensive involvement of the top management team is responsible for the resolution of scenarios which require comprehensive adaptation to the critical scenarios encountered by organizations. The requirement of sponsorship from external stakeholders and brands could be responsible for observing profound implications in the productivity that can be derived from approval and consent for the allocation of resources in order to address the issues faced by the duty free shop. Another human factor is considerably associated with the involvement of middle managers that also reflect on the involvement of employe es that can improve project growth alongside reflecting on the personal development that can lead to sustainable opportunities for the employees. It is also imperative to understand the role of the contribution of human resources in order to obtain considerable benefits in the form of procedural, professional and financial implications associated with the change management process (Tschannen-Moran, 2014). Therefore the human factor of communication should be addressed effectively in terms of the comprehensive involvement of stakeholders in the change management process that can be indicative of the lean management processes that enable an organization to adapt to the change management process. Human factors associated with the change management process could also implement considerably beneficial outcomes in the form of improved communication between the team members thereby depreciating the emotional obstacles that are deported to their native countries. Financial factors that are accounted for observing potentially beneficial outcomes in context of the change management process considered in the report are also presented in form of the investment uncertainties regarding the change management processes and the involvement of external agencies required to implement the change management process (Lussier Achua, 2015). The involvement of external agencies is perceived in terms of funding for the different activities such as the role of sponsors in providing additional funding for the advertisement in the duty free shop for their flagship products. Another financial factor can be perceived in the observation of ambiguities in the cash flow statement and the income statement. These financial statements are responsible for identifying the requirement of financial resources in order to obtain information required for addressing business obligations that emerge with the change process (Lussier Achua, 2015). The cash flow statement and inco me statement facilitate considerable implications towards the inflow of financial assets alongside the expenses to be incurred with respect to the change management process. The involvement of employees in the change management process could be largely influenced on the grounds of training of employees through a participative approach. The change management process could be improvised through maintaining a viable framework to provide employees with critical information pertaining to change as well as ensuring their involvement with feedback mechanisms and support during the change implementation (Lussier Achua, 2015). Employee involvement could also be addressed through following a transformational approach in order to realize change management objectives. The transformational approach is responsible for empowering employees to contribute to the mission and objectives of change management thereby implying feasible reforms in the proposed CRM framework. Technique for Planning Change The technique that can be applied for planning change with respect to the given context of the airport duty free shop could be observed in the form of a model of change. The technique would involve a stage wise categorization of change which is initiated with the communication of sense of urgency for the CRM system. The organization has to develop a guiding group which would be responsible for directing the employees for adapting the changes in the ICT framework of the enterprise (Dinh et al., 2014). The change management planning would also comprise of the vision conveyed by the guiding group for implementing the change alongside addressing the anticipated obstacles for the organizations new vision for customer service and workplace relationships. The timeline for implementing the CRM framework to be implemented in case of duty free shop can be presented in the form of a Gantt chart as follows. Activity Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Planning of ICT framework Design of CRM system Customer feedback analysis Reforms in CRM framework Communicating the design to employees Training of employees Employee feedback Final CRM design References Antonakis, J., 2017. The nature of leadership.Sage publications. Bolman, L.G. and Deal, T.E., 2017. Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Boezeman, E.J. and Ellemers, N., 2014. Volunteer leadership: The role of pride and respect in organizational identification and leadership satisfaction. Leadership, 10(2), pp.160-173. ?erne, M., Jakli?, M. and kerlavaj, M., 2013. Authentic leadership, creativity, and innovation: A multilevel perspective. Leadership, 9(1), pp.63-85. Ciulla, J.B. ed., 2014.Ethics, the heart of leadership.ABC-CLIO. Daft, R.L., 2014. The leadership experience. Cengage Learning. Dinh, J.E., Lord, R.G., Gardner, W.L., Meuser, J.D., Liden, R.C. and Hu, J., 2014. Leadership theory and research in the new millennium: Current theoretical trends and changing perspectives. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(1), pp.36-62. Fairhurst, G.T. and Connaughton, S.L., 2014. Leadership: A communicative perspective. Leadership, 10(1), pp.7-35. Goleman, D., Boyatzis, R.E. and McKee, A., 2013. Primal leadership: Unleashing the power of emotional intelligence. Harvard Business Press. Komives, S.R. and Wagner, W.E., 2016. Leadership for a better world: Understanding the social change model of leadership development. John Wiley Sons. Lussier, R.N. and Achua, C.F., 2015. Leadership: Theory, application, skill development. Nelson Education. Northouse, P.G., 2015. Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage publications. Tourish, D., 2014.Leadership, more or less?A processual, communication perspective on the role of agency in leadership theory.Leadership, 10(1), pp.79-98. Tschannen-Moran, M., 2014.Trust matters: Leadership for successful schools. John Wiley Sons.

Co2 Essays - Refrigerants, Gaseous Signaling Molecules,

Co2 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) C arbon Dioxide (CO2) is a colorless gas, which was first discovered in 1577 by Van Helmont who detected it in the products of both fermentation and charcoal burning. CO2 is used in solid, liquid, and gas forms in a variety of industrial processes. These include: beverage carbonation, dry ice, welding and chemicals manufacturing. It is produced by the combustion of all carbonaceous fuels and can be recovered in an abundance of ways. It is widely used today as a by-product of synthetic ammonia production, fermentation, and from flue gases by absorption process. CO2 is also a product of animal metabolism and is important in the life cycles of plants and animals. It is present in the atmosphere only in small quantities (.03% by vol.) CO2 is not very reactive at normal temperatures, but it does form carbonic acid, (H2CO3 ) in aqueous solution. This will undergo the typical reactions of a weak acid to form salts. I call it carbonic acid because in the presence of moisture, which we have all around us, it will make an acid. CO2 is also responsible for the acidic pH of rain water. So that nasty stuff called acid rain is caused by CO2. A solid hydrate CO28H20 separates from aqueous solutions of CO2 that are colder at elevated pressures. It is very stable at normal temperatures, but forms CO and O2 when heated above 1700oC. CO2 can be reduced by several methods, the most common being its reaction with hydrogen (H). This is the reverse of the water gas shift reaction, commonly used in the production of hydrogen and ammonia. It can also be reduced with hydrocarbons and carbons at elevated temperatures. CO2 will react with ammonia to form ammonium carbonate. CO2 + NH3 ---? NH4 + CO3. We humans also produce CO2 with every breath we take, but the amount is too small to harm anyone. Carbon dioxide can be dangerous at higher levels though. A mere 5% by vol. of the gas in the air increases the breathing rate and long amounts of exposure can lead to unconsciousness or even death. The gas carbon dioxide is much heavier than the air around us and is also heavier than its friend carbon monoxide. Its density is much greater and it turn will cause the gas to be harder for plants to get rid of very quickly. Some scientist even say it will pour like a liquid into the air. Science Essays

Free Essays on Reformation

The Reformation The Reformation of the Roman Catholic Church was a major 16th-century religious revolution, which ended the ecclesiastical supremacy of the pope in Western Christendom. Thus, resulting in the establishment of the Protestant churches. With the Renaissance proceeding and the French Revolution that followed, the Reformation completely altered the medieval way of life in Western Europe and initiated the era of modern history. Although the movement dates from the early 16th century, when Martin Luther first defied the authority of the church, the conditions that led to his revolutionary stand had existed for hundreds of years and had complex doctrinal, political, economic, and cultural elements. Conditions Preceding Reformation From the Revival of the Holy Roman Empire by Von Bizmark in 962, popes and emperors had been engaged in a continuous contest for supremacy. This conflict had generally resulted in victory for the papal side, but created bitter antagonism between Rome and the Germ an Empire; this antagonism was augmented in the 14th and 15th centuries by the further development of German nationalist sentiment. Resentment against papal taxation and against submission to ecclesiastical officials of the distant and foreign papacy was manifested in other countries of Europe. In England, the beginning of the movement toward ultimate independence from papal jurisdiction was the enactment of the statutes of Mortmain in 1279, Provisors in 1351, and Praemunire in 1393. These statutes greatly reduced the power of the church to withdraw land from the control of the civil government, to make appointments to ecclesiastical offices, and to exercise judicial authority. The 14th-century English reformer John Wycliffe boldly attacked the papacy itself, striking at the sale of indulgences, pilgrimages, the excessive veneration of saints, and the moral and intellectual standards of ordained priests. To reach the common people, he transl... Free Essays on Reformation Free Essays on Reformation The Reformation The Reformation of the Roman Catholic Church was a major 16th-century religious revolution, which ended the ecclesiastical supremacy of the pope in Western Christendom. Thus, resulting in the establishment of the Protestant churches. With the Renaissance proceeding and the French Revolution that followed, the Reformation completely altered the medieval way of life in Western Europe and initiated the era of modern history. Although the movement dates from the early 16th century, when Martin Luther first defied the authority of the church, the conditions that led to his revolutionary stand had existed for hundreds of years and had complex doctrinal, political, economic, and cultural elements. Conditions Preceding Reformation From the Revival of the Holy Roman Empire by Von Bizmark in 962, popes and emperors had been engaged in a continuous contest for supremacy. This conflict had generally resulted in victory for the papal side, but created bitter antagonism between Rome and the Germ an Empire; this antagonism was augmented in the 14th and 15th centuries by the further development of German nationalist sentiment. Resentment against papal taxation and against submission to ecclesiastical officials of the distant and foreign papacy was manifested in other countries of Europe. In England, the beginning of the movement toward ultimate independence from papal jurisdiction was the enactment of the statutes of Mortmain in 1279, Provisors in 1351, and Praemunire in 1393. These statutes greatly reduced the power of the church to withdraw land from the control of the civil government, to make appointments to ecclesiastical offices, and to exercise judicial authority. The 14th-century English reformer John Wycliffe boldly attacked the papacy itself, striking at the sale of indulgences, pilgrimages, the excessive veneration of saints, and the moral and intellectual standards of ordained priests. To reach the common people, he transl...

Operational Warfare and the Revolutionary Nature of Interwar Period Essay

Operational Warfare and the Revolutionary Nature of Interwar Period - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that operational warfare is the term derived from Russia during 18th and 19th centuries. Operational warfare is a concept based on the military theory, which suggests a norm towards the behavior and trends in the military affairs. It was developed during the period of mechanization of armed forces. It signifies coordination of different level of command from the small level of action to a higher level. The operational level has gradually changed in case of size and objectives of armies. The operational level formation was not powerful in the post-cold war era, but during the cold war and the Second World War, the operational-level formation was highly powerful. In his seminal book, The Framework of Operational Warfare Clayton R. Newell elaborates on the three perspectives of wars- tactical, operational and strategic perspectives. The activities of war change according to how it is viewed. One can understand the war by analyzing these three pe rspectives. Among these three, operational perspective is the newest which is associated with land warfare. As Newell rightly observes, â€Å"even though the origins of the operational perspective can be traced back to the eighteenth century, it remains a new idea in warfare when compared to the hundreds of years of warfare which have been studied from only the two perspectives of strategy and tactics†. It can thus be concluded that the operational warfare was an innovative mode of waging wars and it has immensely contributed to the strategic and operational formation of future wars.

The Evolution of Juvenile Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Evolution of Juvenile Justice - Essay Example Progressive era reforms had major contributions in the framing of the modern juvenile justice system. In the period from 1900- 1920s the nation witnessed various campaigns including suffrage movement, and campaign against child labor. Laborers fought for their rights and demanded eight-hour workday. Before the progressive era, children who commit crime were also imprisoned like adults. Child offenders were punished like adults. However, the voice of social and political reformers demanded a change in the society’s views about minor offenders. The psychologists of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries who came up with new psychological theories cried against the hard punishment given for minor offenders. Reformers wanted a change in society’s views on juvenile delinquents. They put the idea of rehabilitating children offenders rather than punishing them like adults. In 1824 reformers set up the New York House of Refuge. Juveniles who commit crime were placed in the juv enile homes instead of adult jails. By 1899, individual states began considering the problem of youth incarceration and setting up youth reform homes. These reforms initiated the notion of juvenile justice system. These early changes were because of the conviction that society should not abandon young offenders, but should recover their lives by redirecting them in a different way. Keeping offenders in reform houses helped them severe their relationship with the world of crime. The juvenile justice system is rooted in this very concept of rehabilitation of young criminals. The juvenile justice system began acquiring the authority of a parent. The state takes the responsibility as a parent and keeps the children with them until they show some positive changes or grow up as adults. Youth were not treated as adults. The cases involving youths were considered in a special informal court meant for juveniles. The procedure did not include the assistance of attorneys. Extenuating evidence, beyond the legal elements related to the crime was considered by the judge. These initiatives paved the way for the current juvenile justice system. In the year 1967 a decision by the Supreme Court confirmed the need of juvenile courts to consider the law rights of minors in the court proceedings. The decision was caused by a case that involves a juvenile. The court’s decision was to confine Gerald Gault, the juvenile who was accused of making an obscene call, when being under probation. According to the Arizona juvenile court, the minor should be placed in the State Industrial School till he turns 21. He should otherwise be discharged by law. However, the Supreme Court decision came up with the rights of minors. According to the Supreme Court, the minor has the right to get notice of charges and receive proper legal counsel. The minor holds the right for confrontation and cross-examination. Furthermore, he has the privilege against self-incrimination. The minor can rightful ly get a transcript of the court proceedings and take an appellate review. The dissenting party however came up with the idea that the courts decision would only take the case to a criminal prosecution. According to them, the minor’s case should be done as per the original goal of the juvenile justice system. The juvenile justice system is not intended to prosecute and punish minors who commit crimes. The system rather recommends correcting them. This is the society’

MIH543 - Perspectives on Abuse Violence Module 5 - SLP Essay

MIH543 - Perspectives on Abuse Violence Module 5 - SLP - Essay Example What are the chances that this form of violence can be reduced? Abuse violence represents a prevalent issue for health care workers in many regions of the contemporary world. Health care workers critically need education in this area if they are to effectively function detect the occurrence of violent abuse in their patients and provide health care services to these individuals. Health care workers also need to be knowledgeable in the area of other services that patients who are experiencing violent abuse can be referred to for additional assistance and services. Various world regions are known to have high rates of familial violence and abuse. One such are of he world is the country of Iraq reported to be characterized by â€Å"extraordinarily high levels of cultural and institutional violence†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Heartland alliance: International Programs, 2010) World wide it is reported that â€Å"one out of every here women†¦will be physically, sexually or otherwise abused during her lifetime with rates reaching 70 percent in some countries .† (Family Violence Prevention Fund, 2004) The National Institute of Justice reports that there is a need for the development of a new protocol for health care providers who treat individuals affected by abuse and violence. This requires that health care workers world wide be on the receiving end of education and training to assist them in properly documenting and assessing abuse and violence that their patients have endured. The work of Tacket (2004) states that three actions are needed by health care services in regards to addressing the needs of patients who are abused violently: (1) improvement of information availability on domestic violence and services; (2) provision and acquisition of appropriate training for health care professionals; and (3) instituting systems of enquiry about domestic violence. Tacket (2004) reports that health care professionals and staff â€Å"should ideally receive

A Review On Public Switch Data Networks Information Technology Essay

A Review On Public Switch Data Networks Information Technology Essay A public data network is a network established and operated by a telecommunications administration, or a recognized private operating agency, for the specific purpose of providing data transmission services for the public. A public switched data network (PSDN) is a publicly-available packet-switched network, distinct from the PSTN. A general wide area network used to provide circuit switched data services for commercial users A publicly-available network supporting packet-switched data It is an all digital communications line that allows for the transmission of voice, data, video and graphics, at very high speeds, over standard communication lines It is a computer network that uses a public telecommunication infrastructure such as the Internet to provide remote offices or individual users with secure access to their organizations network. It aims to avoid an expensive system of owned or leased lines that can be used by only one organization. A leased line is a service contract between a provider and a customer, whereby the provider agrees to deliver a symmetric telecommunications line connecting two or more locations in exchange for a monthly rent (hence the term lease). It is sometimes known as a Private Circuit or Data Line in the UK. Dial-up Internet access is a form of Internet access that uses the facilities of the public switched telephone network (PSTN) to establish a dialed connection to an Internet service provider (ISP) via telephone lines. The users computer or router uses an attached modem to encode and decode Internet Protocol packets and control information into and from analogue audio frequency signals, respectively. Feature Caller ID, Call Waiting, Voice Mail, and Call Forwarding à ®Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Need a connection establishment between end nodes. à ®Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Connection is maintained until one of end nodes terminates. à ®Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Connection is dedicated to the communication between two nodes. à ®Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Reduces the number and the total length of the links Data are transmitted in short messages called packets. à ®Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬A connection between the two end-nodes is not maintained. à ®Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬A node-to-node link can be dynamically shared by many packets. à ®Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬Example : Public Data Network (PDN) likes X.25, Frame Relay. There are two types of PDN: CSPDN and PSPDN. Mostly used to provide leased-line connections between local area networks and the Internet Circuit switch network work by allowing multiple sessions to run between end-user by simply switchingto the most direct or available path Because a circuit switch dedicates bandwidth to each session, it is less effective from packet-switch. The advantage of circuit switch is transparent, and the path is always open, thus the delay through SCPDN is constant, which is ideal for real time application such as video. One of the disadvantage of CSPDN is they are very wasteful of bandwidth, because if the device is not transmitting data, the bandwidth will always be availalbe. Packet switch provide bandwidth on-demand. Advantage of PSPDN is it saved bandwidth, because they only use the bandwidth when there is data to transmit. All data in Packet switching is transmitted in frame/packets over a trunk, where each packet or frame can belong to a different session. All of the data being sent to the network is marked with a sequence number. This mean PSPDN can correct any data corrupt or loss within a network. Disadvantage of PSPDN is buffering. It builds on groups of standard transmission channels. Bearer channels (or B channels) transmit user information at relatively high speeds, while separate Data channels (or D channels) carry call set-up, signaling and other information. It handles all types of information. Unlike some other digital communications technologies, ISDN handles all types of information voice, data, studio-quality sound, still and moving images. They are all digitized, and transmitted at high speeds in the same flow of data. It handles many devices and many telephone numbers, on the same line. It encapsulates data transfers between two or more networked devices which are not on the same private network so as to keep the transferred data private from other devices on one or more intervening local or wide area networks. There are many different classifications, implementations, and uses for VPNs. Typically, leased lines are used by businesses to connect geographically distant offices. Unlike dial-up connections, a leased line is always active. The fee for the connection is a fixed monthly rate. The primary factors affecting the monthly fee are distance between end points and the speed of the circuit. Because the connection doesnt carry anybody elses communications, the carrier can assure a given level of quality. Dial-up connections to the Internet require no infrastructure other than the telephone network. Dial-up is often the only choice available for rural or remote areas where broadband installations are not prevalent due to low population and demand. Dial-up access may also be an alternative for users on limited budgets as it is offered free by some ISPs, though broadband is increasingly available at lower prices in many countries due to market competition. Network Interface Circuit-switched Packet Switching Packet Switching Circuit-switched Packet Switching Device-to-device interfaces are called reference points Interface R Located between Non-ISDN Terminal Equipment (TE2) and a Terminal Adapter (TA) Interface S/T Located between ISDN user equipment and Network Termination (NT1) equipment Interface U Located between NT1 equipment and an ISDN central office RJ45/RJ11 RJ45/RJ11 RJ45/RJ11 Components/ hardware configuration Consists of telephone lines, fiberoptic cables, microwave transmission links, cellular networks, communications satellites, and undersea telephone cables all inter-connected by switching centers which allows any telephone in the world to communicate with any other. In a LAN packet-switched environment, such as with an Ethernet network, the transmission of the data packets relies on packet switches, routers, and LAN cables using permanent virtual circuits (PVCs). Uses TDM (Time Division Multiplexing), SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy) and PDH (Pleisochoronous Digital Hierarchy) Uses Frame Relay and STDM (Statistical Time Division Multiplexing) TE1- Any ISDN-ready device that connects directly to ISDN or connects to ISDN via an NT1. For example: a digital telephone, a GT 70 Series router. TE2- Any non-ISDN device that needs to be used with a Terminal Adapter (TA) to work with ISDN. For example: an analog FAX, PC, or analog telephone. TA-A device that converts non-ISDN communication to ISDN to allow non-ISDN devices to work with ISDN. NT1- A device located between the S/T and U reference points that allows communication between functional devices. Secure VPNs use cryptographic tunneling protocols to provide confidentiality by blocking intercepts and packet sniffing, allowing sender authentication to block identity spoofing, and provide message integrity by preventing message alteration. Leased lines are made up of the following components: a router, usually managed by the service provider, is installed into a customers comms room. The circuit is presented with an RJ45 connector as standard. local loop circuit, , links the router to the service providers local point of presence (POP). Network termination equipment (NTE) is attached to the wall in a comms room and is connected to either a fibre optic or copper local loop circuit. depending upon location, a back haul circuit may be used to link a customer to their service providers point of presence and then onto the internet gateway. This will take place behind the scenes and may run over a third partys national network. Protocols X.25 X.25 X.25 X.25 X.25 The LAPD (Link Access Protocol Channel D) is a layer 2 protocol Ipsec (Internet Protocol Security) SSL (Transport Layer Security) DTLS ( Datagram Transport Layer Security) SSH (Secure Shell VPN) Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Multi-Link Point-to-Point Protocol (ML-PPP) NetWare connect Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) Multi-Link Point-to-Point Protocol (ML-PPP) NetWare connect Standards ITU-T, E.1263, E.164 CCITT/ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T ITU-T CCITT Q.920/921 IETF Wide Area Network Standard Wide Area Network Standard

Snapshots of Miss Emily in William Faulkners A Rose for Emily Essay

Snapshots of Miss Emily in A Rose for Emily â€Å"A Rose for Miss Emily† by William Faulkner is a story of quiet lonliness and tragedy. The story ends on a surprising note, but one for which the reader is not totally unprepared. Faulkner very cleverly uses changing pictures of Miss Emily’s physical state to give the reader a clue as to what is transpiring inside her. The picture or â€Å"tableau† of Emily in her childhood gives us our first clue into her strange personality. She is â€Å"a slender figure in white in the background, her father a spraddled silhouette in the foreground, his back to her and clutching a horsewhip, the two of them framed by the back-flung front door.† The scene almost blatantly reveals Emily in her youth, constrained by a wildly over-protective father. Her natural attempts to leave home and have relationship with the outside world are thwarted by a dark, mean, even evil-spirited father who refuses to let her leave. Our next view of Miss Emily is some time after her father dies. â€Å"Her hair is cut short,† Faulkner tells us. The strength...

Angels Demons Chapter 36-38

36 The Office of the Swiss Guard. Langdon stood in the doorway, surveying the collision of centuries before them. Mixed media. The room was a lushly adorned Renaissance library complete with inlaid bookshelves, oriental carpets, and colorful tapestries†¦ and yet the room bristled with high-tech gear – banks of computers, faxes, electronic maps of the Vatican complex, and televisions tuned to CNN. Men in colorful pantaloons typed feverishly on computers and listened intently in futuristic headphones. â€Å"Wait here,† the guard said. Langdon and Vittoria waited as the guard crossed the room to an exceptionally tall, wiry man in a dark blue military uniform. He was talking on a cellular phone and stood so straight he was almost bent backward. The guard said something to him, and the man shot a glance over at Langdon and Vittoria. He nodded, then turned his back on them and continued his phone call. The guard returned. â€Å"Commander Olivetti will be with you in a moment.† â€Å"Thank you.† The guard left and headed back up the stairs. Langdon studied Commander Olivetti across the room, realizing he was actually the Commander in Chief of the armed forces of an entire country. Vittoria and Langdon waited, observing the action before them. Brightly dressed guards bustled about yelling orders in Italian. â€Å"Continua cercando!† one yelled into a telephone. â€Å"Probasti il museo?† another asked. Langdon did not need fluent Italian to discern that the security center was currently in intense search mode. This was the good news. The bad news was that they obviously had not yet found the antimatter. â€Å"You okay?† Langdon asked Vittoria. She shrugged, offering a tired smile. When the commander finally clicked off his phone and approached across the room, he seemed to grow with each step. Langdon was tall himself and not accustomed to looking up at many people, but Commander Olivetti demanded it. Langdon sensed immediately that the commander was a man who had weathered tempests, his face hale and steeled. His dark hair was cropped in a military buzz cut, and his eyes burned with the kind of hardened determination only attainable through years of intense training. He moved with ramrod exactness, the earpiece hidden discreetly behind one ear making him look more like U.S. Secret Service than Swiss Guard. The commander addressed them in accented English. His voice was startlingly quiet for such a large man, barely a whisper. It bit with a tight, military efficiency. â€Å"Good afternoon,† he said. â€Å"I am Commander Olivetti – Comandante Principale of the Swiss Guard. I'm the one who called your director.† Vittoria gazed upward. â€Å"Thank you for seeing us, sir.† The commander did not respond. He motioned for them to follow and led them through the tangle of electronics to a door in the side wall of the chamber. â€Å"Enter,† he said, holding the door for them. Langdon and Vittoria walked through and found themselves in a darkened control room where a wall of video monitors was cycling lazily through a series of black-and-white images of the complex. A young guard sat watching the images intently. â€Å"Fuori,† Olivetti said. The guard packed up and left. Olivetti walked over to one of the screens and pointed to it. Then he turned toward his guests. â€Å"This image is from a remote camera hidden somewhere inside Vatican City. I'd like an explanation.† Langdon and Vittoria looked at the screen and inhaled in unison. The image was absolute. No doubt. It was CERN's antimatter canister. Inside, a shimmering droplet of metallic liquid hung ominously in the air, lit by the rhythmic blinking of the LED digital clock. Eerily, the area around the canister was almost entirely dark, as if the antimatter were in a closet or darkened room. At the top of the monitor flashed superimposed text: Live Feed – Camera #86. Vittoria looked at the time remaining on the flashing indicator on the canister. â€Å"Under six hours,† she whispered to Langdon, her face tense. Langdon checked his watch. â€Å"So we have until†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He stopped, a knot tightening in his stomach. â€Å"Midnight,† Vittoria said, with a withering look. Midnight, Langdon thought. A flair for the dramatic. Apparently whoever stole the canister last night had timed it perfectly. A stark foreboding set in as he realized he was currently sitting at ground zero. Olivetti's whisper now sounded more like a hiss. â€Å"Does this object belong to your facility?† Vittoria nodded. â€Å"Yes, sir. It was stolen from us. It contains an extremely combustible substance called antimatter.† Olivetti looked unmoved. â€Å"I am quite familiar with incendiaries, Ms. Vetra. I have not heard of antimatter.† â€Å"It's new technology. We need to locate it immediately or evacuate Vatican City.† Olivetti closed his eyes slowly and reopened them, as if refocusing on Vittoria might change what he just heard. â€Å"Evacuate? Are you aware what is going on here this evening?† â€Å"Yes, sir. And the lives of your cardinals are in danger. We have about six hours. Have you made any headway locating the canister?† Olivetti shook his head. â€Å"We haven't started looking.† Vittoria choked. â€Å"What? But we expressly heard your guards talking about searching the – â€Å" â€Å"Searching, yes,† Olivetti said, â€Å"but not for your canister. My men are looking for something else that does not concern you.† Vittoria's voice cracked. â€Å"You haven't even begun looking for this canister?† Olivetti's pupils seemed to recede into his head. He had the passionless look of an insect. â€Å"Ms. Vetra, is it? Let me explain something to you. The director of your facility refused to share any details about this object with me over the phone except to say that I needed to find it immediately. We are exceptionally busy, and I do not have the luxury of dedicating manpower to a situation until I get some facts.† â€Å"There is only one relevant fact at this moment, sir,† Vittoria said, â€Å"that being that in six hours that device is going to vaporize this entire complex.† Olivetti stood motionless. â€Å"Ms. Vetra, there is something you need to know.† His tone hinted at patronizing. â€Å"Despite the archaic appearance of Vatican City, every single entrance, both public and private, is equipped with the most advanced sensing equipment known to man. If someone tried to enter with any sort of incendiary device it would be detected instantly. We have radioactive isotope scanners, olfactory filters designed by the American DEA to detect the faintest chemical signatures of combustibles and toxins. We also use the most advanced metal detectors and X-ray scanners available.† â€Å"Very impressive,† Vittoria said, matching Olivetti's cool. â€Å"Unfortunately, antimatter is nonradioactive, its chemical signature is that of pure hydrogen, and the canister is plastic. None of those devices would have detected it.† â€Å"But the device has an energy source,† Olivetti said, motioning to the blinking LED. â€Å"Even the smallest trace of nickel-cadmium would register as – â€Å" â€Å"The batteries are also plastic.† Olivetti's patience was clearly starting to wane. â€Å"Plastic batteries?† â€Å"Polymer gel electrolyte with Teflon.† Olivetti leaned toward her, as if to accentuate his height advantage. â€Å"Signorina, the Vatican is the target of dozens of bomb threats a month. I personally train every Swiss Guard in modern explosive technology. I am well aware that there is no substance on earth powerful enough to do what you are describing unless you are talking about a nuclear warhead with a fuel core the size of a baseball.† Vittoria framed him with a fervent stare. â€Å"Nature has many mysteries yet to unveil.† Olivetti leaned closer. â€Å"Might I ask exactly who you are? What is your position at CERN?† â€Å"I am a senior member of the research staff and appointed liaison to the Vatican for this crisis.† â€Å"Excuse me for being rude, but if this is indeed a crisis, why am I dealing with you and not your director? And what disrespect do you intend by coming into Vatican City in short pants?† Langdon groaned. He couldn't believe that under the circumstances the man was being a stickler for dress code. Then again, he realized, if stone penises could induce lustful thoughts in Vatican residents, Vittoria Vetra in shorts could certainly be a threat to national security. â€Å"Commander Olivetti,† Langdon intervened, trying to diffuse what looked like a second bomb about to explode. â€Å"My name is Robert Langdon. I'm a professor of religious studies in the U.S. and unaffiliated with CERN. I have seen an antimatter demonstration and will vouch for Ms. Vetra's claim that it is exceptionally dangerous. We have reason to believe it was placed inside your complex by an antireligious cult hoping to disrupt your conclave.† Olivetti turned, peering down at Langdon. â€Å"I have a woman in shorts telling me that a droplet of liquid is going to blow up Vatican City, and I have an American professor telling me we are being targeted by some antireligious cult. What exactly is it you expect me to do?† â€Å"Find the canister,† Vittoria said. â€Å"Right away.† â€Å"Impossible. That device could be anywhere. Vatican City is enormous.† â€Å"Your cameras don't have GPS locators on them?† â€Å"They are not generally stolen. This missing camera will take days to locate.† â€Å"We don't have days,† Vittoria said adamantly. â€Å"We have six hours.† â€Å"Six hours until what, Ms. Vetra?† Olivetti's voice grew louder suddenly. He pointed to the image on the screen. â€Å"Until these numbers count down? Until Vatican City disappears? Believe me, I do not take kindly to people tampering with my security system. Nor do I like mechanical contraptions appearing mysteriously inside my walls. I am concerned. It is my job to be concerned. But what you have told me here is unacceptable.† Langdon spoke before he could stop himself. â€Å"Have you heard of the Illuminati?† The commander's icy exterior cracked. His eyes went white, like a shark about to attack. â€Å"I am warning you. I do not have time for this.† â€Å"So you have heard of the Illuminati?† Olivetti's eyes stabbed like bayonets. â€Å"I am a sworn defendant of the Catholic Church. Of course I have heard of the Illuminati. They have been dead for decades.† Langdon reached in his pocket and pulled out the fax image of Leonardo Vetra's branded body. He handed it to Olivetti. â€Å"I am an Illuminati scholar,† Langdon said as Olivetti studied the picture. â€Å"I am having a difficult time accepting that the Illuminati are still active, and yet the appearance of this brand combined with the fact that the Illuminati have a well-known covenant against Vatican City has changed my mind.† â€Å"A computer-generated hoax.† Olivetti handed the fax back to Langdon. Langdon stared, incredulous. â€Å"Hoax? Look at the symmetry! You of all people should realize the authenticity of – â€Å" â€Å"Authenticity is precisely what you lack. Perhaps Ms. Vetra has not informed you, but CERN scientists have been criticizing Vatican policies for decades. They regularly petition us for retraction of Creationist theory, formal apologies for Galileo and Copernicus, repeal of our criticism against dangerous or immoral research. What scenario seems more likely to you – that a four-hundred-year-old satanic cult has resurfaced with an advanced weapon of mass destruction, or that some prankster at CERN is trying to disrupt a sacred Vatican event with a well-executed fraud?† â€Å"That photo,† Vittoria said, her voice like boiling lava, â€Å"is of my father. Murdered. You think this is my idea of a joke?† â€Å"I don't know, Ms. Vetra. But I do know until I get some answers that make sense, there is no way I will raise any sort of alarm. Vigilance and discretion are my duty†¦ such that spiritual matters can take place here with clarity of mind. Today of all days.† Langdon said, â€Å"At least postpone the event.† â€Å"Postpone?† Olivetti's jaw dropped. â€Å"Such arrogance! A conclave is not some American baseball game you call on account of rain. This is a sacred event with a strict code and process. Never mind that one billion Catholics in the world are waiting for a leader. Never mind that the world media is outside. The protocols for this event are holy – not subject to modification. Since 1179, conclaves have survived earthquakes, famines, and even the plague. Believe me, it is not about to be canceled on account of a murdered scientist and a droplet of God knows what.† â€Å"Take me to the person in charge,† Vittoria demanded. Olivetti glared. â€Å"You've got him.† â€Å"No,† she said. â€Å"Someone in the clergy.† The veins on Olivetti's brow began to show. â€Å"The clergy has gone. With the exception of the Swiss Guard, the only ones present in Vatican City at this time are the College of Cardinals. And they are inside the Sistine Chapel.† â€Å"How about the chamberlain?† Langdon stated flatly. â€Å"Who?† â€Å"The late Pope's chamberlain.† Langdon repeated the word self-assuredly, praying his memory served him. He recalled reading once about the curious arrangement of Vatican authority following the death of a Pope. If Langdon was correct, during the interim between Popes, complete autonomous power shifted temporarily to the late Pope's personal assistant – his chamberlain – a secretarial underling who oversaw conclave until the cardinals chose the new Holy Father. â€Å"I believe the chamberlain is the man in charge at the moment.† â€Å"Il camerlegno?† Olivetti scowled. â€Å"The camerlegno is only a priest here. He is not even canonized. He is the late Pope's hand servant.† â€Å"But he is here. And you answer to him.† Olivetti crossed his arms. â€Å"Mr. Langdon, it is true that Vatican rule dictates the camerlegno assume chief executive office during conclave, but it is only because his lack of eligibility for the papacy ensures an unbiased election. It is as if your president died, and one of his aides temporarily sat in the oval office. The camerlegno is young, and his understanding of security, or anything else for that matter, is extremely limited. For all intents and purposes, I am in charge here.† â€Å"Take us to him,† Vittoria said. â€Å"Impossible. Conclave begins in forty minutes. The camerlegno is in the Office of the Pope preparing. I have no intention of disturbing him with matters of security.† Vittoria opened her mouth to respond but was interrupted by a knocking at the door. Olivetti opened it. A guard in full regalia stood outside, pointing to his watch. â€Å"ee l'ora, comandante.† Olivetti checked his own watch and nodded. He turned back to Langdon and Vittoria like a judge pondering their fate. â€Å"Follow me.† He led them out of the monitoring room across the security center to a small clear cubicle against the rear wall. â€Å"My office.† Olivetti ushered them inside. The room was unspecial – a cluttered desk, file cabinets, folding chairs, a water cooler. â€Å"I will be back in ten minutes. I suggest you use the time to decide how you would like to proceed.† Vittoria wheeled. â€Å"You can't just leave! That canister is – â€Å" â€Å"I do not have time for this,† Olivetti seethed. â€Å"Perhaps I should detain you until after the conclave when I do have time.† â€Å"Signore,† the guard urged, pointing to his watch again. â€Å"Spazzare di capella.† Olivetti nodded and started to leave. â€Å"Spazzare di capella?† Vittoria demanded. â€Å"You're leaving to sweep the chapel?† Olivetti turned, his eyes boring through her. â€Å"We sweep for electronic bugs, Miss Vetra – a matter of discretion.† He motioned to her legs. â€Å"Not something I would expect you to understand.† With that he slammed the door, rattling the heavy glass. In one fluid motion he produced a key, inserted it, and twisted. A heavy deadbolt slid into place. â€Å"Idita!† Vittoria yelled. â€Å"You can't keep us in here!† Through the glass, Langdon could see Olivetti say something to the guard. The sentinel nodded. As Olivetti strode out of the room, the guard spun and faced them on the other side of the glass, arms crossed, a large sidearm visible on his hip. Perfect, Langdon thought. Just bloody perfect. 37 Vittoria glared at the Swiss Guard standing outside Olivetti's locked door. The sentinel glared back, his colorful costume belying his decidedly ominous air. â€Å"Che fiasco,† Vittoria thought. Held hostage by an armed man in pajamas. Langdon had fallen silent, and Vittoria hoped he was using that Harvard brain of his to think them out of this. She sensed, however, from the look on his face, that he was more in shock than in thought. She regretted getting him so involved. Vittoria's first instinct was to pull out her cell phone and call Kohler, but she knew it was foolish. First, the guard would probably walk in and take her phone. Second, if Kohler's episode ran its usual course, he was probably still incapacitated. Not that it mattered†¦ Olivetti seemed unlikely to take anybody's word on anything at the moment. Remember! she told herself. Remember the solution to this test! Remembrance was a Buddhist philosopher's trick. Rather than asking her mind to search for a solution to a potentially impossible challenge, Vittoria asked her mind simply to remember it. The presupposition that one once knew the answer created the mindset that the answer must exist†¦ thus eliminating the crippling conception of hopelessness. Vittoria often used the process to solve scientific quandaries†¦ those that most people thought had no solution. At the moment, however, her remembrance trick was drawing a major blank. So she measured her options†¦ her needs. She needed to warn someone. Someone at the Vatican needed to take her seriously. But who? The camerlegno? How? She was in a glass box with one exit. Tools, she told herself. There are always tools. Reevaluate your environment. Instinctively she lowered her shoulders, relaxed her eyes, and took three deep breaths into her lungs. She sensed her heart rate slow and her muscles soften. The chaotic panic in her mind dissolved. Okay, she thought, let your mind be free. What makes this situation positive? What are my assets? The analytical mind of Vittoria Vetra, once calmed, was a powerful force. Within seconds she realized their incarceration was actually their key to escape. â€Å"I'm making a phone call,† she said suddenly. Langdon looked up. â€Å"I was about to suggest you call Kohler, but – â€Å" â€Å"Not Kohler. Someone else.† â€Å"Who?† â€Å"The camerlegno.† Langdon looked totally lost. â€Å"You're calling the chamberlain? How?† â€Å"Olivetti said the camerlegno was in the Pope's office.† â€Å"Okay. You know the Pope's private number?† â€Å"No. But I'm not calling on my phone.† She nodded to a high-tech phone system on Olivetti's desk. It was riddled with speed dial buttons. â€Å"The head of security must have a direct line to the Pope's office.† â€Å"He also has a weight lifter with a gun planted six feet away.† â€Å"And we're locked in.† â€Å"I was actually aware of that.† â€Å"I mean the guard is locked out. This is Olivetti's private office. I doubt anyone else has a key.† Langdon looked out at the guard. â€Å"This is pretty thin glass, and that's a pretty big gun.† â€Å"What's he going to do, shoot me for using the phone?† â€Å"Who the hell knows! This is a pretty strange place, and the way things are going – â€Å" â€Å"Either that,† Vittoria said, â€Å"or we can spend the next five hours and forty-eight minutes in Vatican Prison. At least we'll have a front-row seat when the antimatter goes off.† Langdon paled. â€Å"But the guard will get Olivetti the second you pick up that phone. Besides, there are twenty buttons on there. And I don't see any identification. You going to try them all and hope to get lucky?† â€Å"Nope,† she said, striding to the phone. â€Å"Just one.† Vittoria picked up the phone and pressed the top button. â€Å"Number one. I bet you one of those Illuminati U.S. dollars you have in your pocket that this is the Pope's office. What else would take primary importance for a Swiss Guard commander?† Langdon did not have time to respond. The guard outside the door started rapping on the glass with the butt of his gun. He motioned for her to set down the phone. Vittoria winked at him. The guard seemed to inflate with rage. Langdon moved away from the door and turned back to Vittoria. â€Å"You damn well better be right, 'cause this guy does not look amused!† â€Å"Damn!† she said, listening to the receiver. â€Å"A recording.† â€Å"Recording?† Langdon demanded. â€Å"The Pope has an answering machine?† â€Å"It wasn't the Pope's office,† Vittoria said, hanging up. â€Å"It was the damn weekly menu for the Vatican commissary.† Langdon offered a weak smile to the guard outside who was now glaring angrily though the glass while he hailed Olivetti on his walkie-talkie. 38 The Vatican switchboard is located in the Ufficio di Communicazione behind the Vatican post office. It is a relatively small room containing an eight-line Corelco 141 switchboard. The office handles over 2,000 calls a day, most routed automatically to the recording information system. Tonight, the sole communications operator on duty sat quietly sipping a cup of caffeinated tea. He felt proud to be one of only a handful of employees still allowed inside Vatican City tonight. Of course the honor was tainted somewhat by the presence of the Swiss Guards hovering outside his door. An escort to the bathroom, the operator thought. Ah, the indignities we endure in the name of Holy Conclave. Fortunately, the calls this evening had been light. Or maybe it was not so fortunate, he thought. World interest in Vatican events seemed to have dwindled in the last few years. The number of press calls had thinned, and even the crazies weren't calling as often. The press office had hoped tonight's event would have more of a festive buzz about it. Sadly, though, despite St. Peter's Square being filled with press trucks, the vans looked to be mostly standard Italian and Euro press. Only a handful of global cover-all networks were there†¦ no doubt having sent their giornalisti secundari. The operator gripped his mug and wondered how long tonight would last. Midnight or so, he guessed. Nowadays, most insiders already knew who was favored to become Pope well before conclave convened, so the process was more of a three – or four-hour ritual than an actual election. Of course, last-minute dissension in the ranks could prolong the ceremony through dawn†¦ or beyond. The conclave of 1831 had lasted fifty-four days. Not tonight, he told himself; rumor was this conclave would be a â€Å"smoke-watch.† The operator's thoughts evaporated with the buzz of an inside line on his switchboard. He looked at the blinking red light and scratched his head. That's odd, he thought. The zero-line. Who on the inside would be calling operator information tonight? Who is even inside? â€Å"Citta del Vaticano, prego?† he said, picking up the phone. The voice on the line spoke in rapid Italian. The operator vaguely recognized the accent as that common to Swiss Guards – fluent Italian tainted by the Franco-Swiss influence. This caller, however, was most definitely not Swiss Guard. On hearing the woman's voice, the operator stood suddenly, almost spilling his tea. He shot a look back down at the line. He had not been mistaken. An internal extension. The call was from the inside. There must be some mistake! he thought. A woman inside Vatican City? Tonight? The woman was speaking fast and furiously. The operator had spent enough years on the phones to know when he was dealing with a pazzo. This woman did not sound crazy. She was urgent but rational. Calm and efficient. He listened to her request, bewildered. â€Å"Il camerlegno?† the operator said, still trying to figure out where the hell the call was coming from. â€Å"I cannot possibly connect†¦ yes, I am aware he is in the Pope's office but†¦ who are you again?†¦ and you want to warn him of†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He listened, more and more unnerved. Everyone is in danger? How? And where are you calling from? â€Å"Perhaps I should contact the Swiss†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The operator stopped short. â€Å"You say you're where? Where?† He listened in shock, then made a decision. â€Å"Hold, please,† he said, putting the woman on hold before she could respond. Then he called Commander Olivetti's direct line. There is no way that woman is really – The line picked up instantly. â€Å"Per l'amore di Dio!† a familiar woman's voice shouted at him. â€Å"Place the damn call!† The door of the Swiss Guards' security center hissed open. The guards parted as Commander Olivetti entered the room like a rocket. Turning the corner to his office, Olivetti confirmed what his guard on the walkie-talkie had just told him; Vittoria Vetra was standing at his desk talking on the commander's private telephone. Che coglioni che ha questa! he thought. The balls on this one! Livid, he strode to the door and rammed the key into the lock. He pulled open the door and demanded, â€Å"What are you doing?† Vittoria ignored him. â€Å"Yes,† she was saying into the phone. â€Å"And I must warn – â€Å" Olivetti ripped the receiver from her hand, and raised it to his ear. â€Å"Who the hell is this?† For the tiniest of an instant, Olivetti's inelastic posture slumped. â€Å"Yes, camerlegno†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he said. â€Å"Correct, signore†¦ but questions of security demand†¦ of course not†¦ I am holding her here for†¦ certainly, but†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He listened. â€Å"Yes, sir,† he said finally. â€Å"I will bring them up immediately.†

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